What's the right age to start potty training? It depends on your goals

opens Paradigm file

---

© 2022 Gwen Dewar, all rights reserved

In Western countries similar the U.s., many children brainstorm toilet grooming erstwhile between 24 and 36 months.  But from an historical and cross-cultural standpoint, this timing is very late, and it comes with a downside.

So what's the right potty training historic period? It depends on your child, your goals, and what merchandise-offs you're willing to make.

In this article I embrace:

• the "normal" age to train, and how this age varies beyond cultures and historical time periods;
• why when you train matters less than how yous train; and
• the pros and cons of toilet training at unlike stages of development, from infancy to 24 months — and across.

Getting started: What'due south the normal age to toilet railroad train a kid?

"Normal" is a slippery concept. It varies from one culture to the next.

For instance, in parts of Africa and Asia, information technology's normal for children to begin learning toileting routines very early — often within 4-12 weeks of birth (Sun and Rugolotto 2004).

In Russia, it has been traditional to start toilet preparation months later, during the latter one-half of an infant'south showtime yr (Karkashadze et al 2012).

And in Western Europe and English language-speaking North America?

Children typically begin toilet grooming erstwhile between 24 and 36 months (due east.g., Blum et al 2003; van Nunen et al 2015; Vermandel et al 2008; Sejokora et al 2020).

What's normal too varies considerably between subcultures within the same society.

For case, when researchers interviewed approximately 780 parents living in Washington, D.C., they asked parents to counterbalance in on the most advisable historic period to begin training. And the answers? As the researchers (Horn et al 2006) explain, they varied by ethnicity:

"Caucasian parents believed that toilet training should be initiated at a significantly later age (25.iv months) compared with both African-American parents (18.2 months) and parents of other races (nineteen.four months)."

And a club'southward norms change over fourth dimension.

To see what I mean, consider how the timing of toilet training in the U.s. has shifted over the terminal seventy+ years.

In 1947, approximately 60% of children had finished toilet preparation by the time they were 18 months onetime (Martin et al 1984).

Merely by the 1980s, approximately lxx% of kids hadn't fifty-fifty started potty training by that age. The average child wasn't finished training until he or she was between 24 and 27 months former (Seim 1989).

Fast forrard once again — to 2004 — and one report of more 400 U.Due south. children reports that the average historic period of completion was nearly 37 months (Blum et al 2004).

And elsewhere?

Researchers in other Western countries have observed similar historical trends — a tendency for toilet training to occur at increasingly subsequently ages over fourth dimension (Bakker and Wyndaele 2000; Horstmanshoff et al 2003).

For instance, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the median historic period for starting toilet training in Switzerland increased past 13 months (Largo et al 1996).

Why has the timing of toilet grooming been pushed back in these countries?

Researchers aren't entirely sure. The availability of user-friendly, dispensable diapers probably has something to do with information technology. And we know there was a alter in the culture, the rise of a new belief that toilet training should be "child-centered," or initiated by the kid.

Simply hang on. Isn't there a strong medical argument for delaying toilet grooming until a kid is at least 2 years old?

If you grew up in a club where late toilet grooming is the norm, you might presume that. Simply in my years of post-obit the research, I oasis't establish compelling evidence that children will have ameliorate medical outcomes if we delay training until 24 months or later.

On the contrary, as I annotation below, the virtually up-to-date enquiry leans the other way: Children who train earlier tend to experience fewer long-term problems with incontinence.

Of class, older kids have advanced developmental abilities, so they are able to learn more toileting advanced skills. They crave less intensive assist when they use a potty.

Just that doesn't mean that we can't — or shouldn't — train younger children. It's just a reminder that we demand to approach toilet training differently depending on the developmental status of the kid.

So how should a parent make this decision? Is it purely a matter of personal preference?

Not exactly.

When it comes to choosing a potty grooming age, you have several options. But once y'all decide on the timing, your remaining choices aren't entirely free.

For example, yous aren't going to train a 4-calendar month-one-time babe in the aforementioned manner that you would railroad train a 18-month-old toddler. Or a 28-month-former kid. Theway you train — the arroyo you take — is going to be shaped past your kid'due south developmental abilities and needs.

It's also important to filibuster toilet training if your child suffers from health issues — like constipation — that affect elimination.

And it'due south crucial to adjust your expectations to your child'due south individual circumstances. As nosotros'll see, what it means to be "toilet trained" varies a great deal, depending on your child'south historic period.

How, and then, should you determine? You need to know more near the challenges associated with toilet preparation at different developmental stages.

In the remainder of this article, I will compare the advantages and disadvantages associated with four potty training age groups:

• Infants (0-12 months)
• Immature toddlers (12-18 months)
• Older toddlers (eighteen-24 months)
• Children over 24 months

Infant potty training: 0-12 months

---

In countries similar Republic of kenya, Tanzania, India, Cathay, and Vietnam, the traditional potty training age is early infancy (deVries and deVries 1977; Bouke 2003;Sunday and Rugolotto 2004).

What does the process await similar?

It begins with observation. Parents learn to recognize their babies' body signals, and they utilise these signals to anticipate when their babies volition eliminate.

And then, whenever an infant is ready, the parent holds the infant over a sink, basin, toilet, or the open ground.

As the infant voids, the parent makes a characteristic sound or gesture. The goal is to train the babe to associate voiding with this parental sound or gesture.

And once the baby has learned that association, the parent tin can employ the sign to communicate. Now the parent has a way to request that a babe void on cue.

You can read more nearly these traditional methods — sometimes called "elimination communication" — in opens in a new windowthis Parenting Scientific discipline article.

Equally you lot can see, this arrangement isn't what many people hateful by "toilet training."

To many, "toilet training" means teaching a child to remove his or her pants, sit on a potty chair, wipe, and then forth. It means teaching skills that young babies aren't yet ready to develop. So the traditional method of baby toilet grooming is necessarily a more than small-scale affair: staying dry out with lots of parental assist.

Is it worth it — all that parental supervision and vigilance?

That's something that parents volition have to decide for themselves. Simply there are definitely some advantages to consider.

The immediate benefits are pretty obvious. Babies never wear diapers, and then they avert the rashes and infections associated with diapers. Their parents relieve time and money on diapering. And going diaper-free is practiced for the environment.

But there are other, less obvious benefits too.

Research hints that children are less likely to experience recurring urinary tract infections if they were toilet trained during infancy. Why?

It'due south probably considering toilet-trained infants learn to empty their bladders completely — eliminating any residual urine that tin harbor bacteria. Children whodon't begin preparation untilafterwards the age of 24 months may not learn this addiction until their 3rd birthdays (Duong et al 2013).

And at that place'southward evidence that infant trainees are at a somewhat lower adventure for developing problems with incontinence later on in life (Wang et al 2020).

Finally, some parents view babe grooming as an investment. Yes, you lot take to be very vigilant now. But by training your child early on, you save yourself a lot trouble after.

When kids grow upwardly wearing diapers, they don't learn to pay special attending to their body signals, like the awareness of a total float. In fact, they may learn the opposite. They may acquire toignore those feelings.

Kids may as well develop a sense of familiarity and comfort in wearing diapers, making them more reluctant to wear underpants.

These factors tin brand information technology harder for older children to learn toileting skills. They have quondam habits to break. By contrast, if you start very early, your babe won't take any bad habits to overcome.

And so when does this traditional infant training typically begin?

In some cases, parents begin the process immediately afterwards the newborn period, when the baby is 4 weeks old. Some don't start until babies are 3 months old, or even older (Boucke 2003; Duong et al 2013; Sunday and Rugolotto 2004).

Is this "traditional" method the only manner to approach infant toilet training? What if you want to sit your child on a potty chair?

Once your child has learned to sit up independently — straight and steady, with no wobbling — you can try using a potty chair.

This seems to take been the traditional arroyo in many Western countries before the historical shift to late training.

For example, research suggests that about Swiss infants in the 1950s were existence trained to sit on potty chairs by 6-ix months (Largo and Stutzle 1977).

And many Russian babies today begin sitting on potty chairs before they are 12 months old (Karkashadze et al 2012).

If you're interested in using a potty chair, brand sure that you adjust your methods and so that they are appropriate for your infant'south developmental level. This opens in a new window Parenting Scientific discipline article outlines a process that has been tested by researchers.

Older infants and young toddlers (12-18 months)

---

As nosotros've seen, it's not unusual — historically and cantankerous-culturally — for parents to begin toilet training during a baby'south first year.

Merely what about starting a bit subsequently? During the first half of your infant's second year?

That timing isn't nearly as mutual, and it's made me wonder. Is at that place something nearly this age range that makes potty preparation more difficult?

For children in this historic period grouping, toilet grooming is necessarily about learning to sit on a potty chair. And that's where some families might run into problem.

It isn't that their children tin't sit down. It's that they don't desire to.

For case, a report conducted in the United States found that children betwixt the ages of xv and nineteen months were more resistant to sitting on potty chairs than were older kids (Sears et al 1957).

And I've found an interesting parallel in Russian federation, where parents normally begin toilet training earlier 12 months. Co-ordinate to researchers there, parents often mutter that formerly cooperative children become resistant to sitting on potties at around 14 months of age (Karkashadze et al 2012).

What's going on? It might have something to exercise with motor development.

Betwixt 12 and eighteen months, opens in a new windowmany children are learning to walk. So some pediatricians wonder if these toddlers are just also excited or restless to sit on a potty chair. They'd rather walk around (Brazelton and Sparrow 2004).

Only whatever the cause of the resistance, information technology's important to respond appropriately.

Heavy-handed attempts to force compliance aren't the answer. They can provoke bad feelings about the process, and make your child fifty-fifty more emotionally resistant to sitting on a potty.

So it's better to back off if your child actively resists, and resume grooming simply if you find a mode to use positive reinforcement — to motivate your child through encourage, praise, and other rewards.

Information technology'due south also important to have realistic expectations.

Children under the age of eighteen months are not going to achieve true toileting independence. To stay clean and dry out, they need regular, frequent reminders to visit the potty. And they crave our ongoing help with things like removing article of clothing, wiping, and washing up.

And if you decide to skip these months — to delay training for a later on date?

You lot can still put the fourth dimension to expert use.

The interval between 12-18 months is the perfect time to start thinking most toilet trainingreadiness— the gear up of skills and interests that will assistance your child primary advanced toilet skills later on. Y'all can make potty preparation easier if you actively gear up your child months in accelerate. opens in a new windowFor tips, meet this Parenting Science article.

Potty training between 18-24 months

---

Equally I mentioned above, children who are resistant to sitting on a potty chair may become more compliant after 18 months. So is this interval — 18 to 24 months — a promising one for toilet training?

Many Western pediatricians say yes — i f your kid is showing signs of "toilet grooming readiness."

What are these signs?

I've compiled a checklist, based on the recommendations of several sources, including the American Academy of Pediatrics. Yous tin encounter the total checklist opens in a new windowhither.

But the quick answer is that the signs include major developmental milestones (like the power to walk), likewise as testify that your child is motivated: Your child asks to utilize a potty chair, or tells you that he or she wants to wear "big kid" underpants.

How of import are the signs? Should y'all actually await for them?

The answer depends on what your goals are.

If your goal is for your kid to walk into the bathroom and sit on the potty independently, then you apparently should wait until he or she can walk.

If you're interested in a more minor goal — something closer to the parent-assisted dryness we've discussed so far — then you may want to skip the expect.

But proceed in mind. In that location'due south one sign of readiness that seems especially predictive of long-term success: A child's awareness of body signals, and ability to communicate about them.

In a study tracking the progress of 270 toddlers, researchers found that just 3 signs of readiness predicted toilet training success. One promising sign was if a child could pull his or her pants on and off. Some other was if a child showed pride in doing things independently.

But the most predictive sign of them all was if a kid "expresses a need to evacuate and shows awareness of the need to void or have a bowel motion" (Wyndaele et al 2020).

And so if your child isn't nonetheless showing these crucial abilities, it makes sense to foster them. Talk with your child about the sensations that accompany emptying, and teach your child the vocabulary needed to express these feelings.

For tips about this — and about other aspects of toilet training readiness — see my article, opens in a new window"Toddler potty training: How to get your child ready."

And whenever your child finally begins, remember that it will take a long fourth dimension earlier your child has the skills and maturity to go "solo."

Fifty-fifty later on they complete grooming, most children aren't prepare to go to the bathroom unattended until they are at least 36 months onetime (Gesell and Ilg 1943; McKeith 1973; Bakker 2002; Schum et al 2002).

Potty preparation later 24 months: Agreement the pros and cons

---

Equally I noted at the showtime of this article, there's been a historical shift in the U.s.a. and other Western countries. Most parents today are delaying potty preparation until their children are at least 24 months old. Is this beneficial to families? To children?

There's at to the lowest degree one, potential reward for waiting this long: You're child is more than developmentally advanced, so your child will more quickly learn the skills needed for true toileting independence.

You may still need to arrange your expectations. Call up that most kids will continue to need our assistance with toileting until they are at least 36 months quondam. Merely by 24 months, many kids are ready to start learning advanced toileting skills — similar pulling their pants up and down; wiping; and washing their hands.

Another potential advantage: Older kids may train faster.

When researchers tracked the evolution of more than than 250 American children, they found kids tended to consummate training more speedily if they started after the age of 24 months (Schum et al 2002).

Another study, tracking more 400 American kids, likewise found that older kids completed their training in less time (Blum et al 2003).

Merely it'southward important to note: Late toilet training has been linked with a higher adventure of developing bladder issues.

For case, studies in multiple countries have reported links between late training and a higher probability of experiencing bladder problems, including daytime incontinence after the age of five years (Barone et al 2009; Bakker 2002, Bakker et al 2002; Joinson et al 2009; Li et al 2020; Wang et al 2020).

At present go on in heed. We don't yet knowwhy these links exist. We can't presume that later on training, by itself,causes bladder bug.

Simply some intriguing clues have emerged.

For instance, in one study, researchers compared two groups:

• 47 Vietnamese children (who started toilet grooming early — usually by 6 months), and
• 57 Swedish children (95% of whom didn't begin toilet training until they were at least 24 months old).

The researchers wondered if the timing of toilet training was linked with any developmental differences in bladder function. In particular, they wanted to know if children were in the habit of completely emptying their bladders during urination.

It'southward an important habit, because when we don't completely empty our bladders, the balance urine left behind puts us at greater risk of developing a urinary tract infection (Hellström and Sillén 2001).

So the researchers performed periodic tests on the children every bit they grew older, and in that location was indeed a marked difference between groups.

The Vietnamese children — who had begun toilet training early on — were completely elimination their bladders past the historic period of 9 months.

Past contrast, the Swedish kids — who started toilet training subsequently 24 months — didn't learn to completely empty their bladders until they were 36 months former (Duong et al 2013).

So these are considerations to weigh and balance. What's the takeaway? What are the most important things to remember?

Experts agree that you should choose a time when your child is

• healthy (no constipation, diarrhea, or urinary tract infections);
• relaxed (not stressed by new changes, like a move or new infant); and
• cooperative (not going through a rebellious phase).

In add-on, it's a practiced idea toactively prepare your child for toileting preparation. When kids are aware of their trunk signals, and set to communicate about them, they are more than likely to succeed.

Finally, no matter when yous determine to toilet train your child, you need to accept realistic expectations virtually the consequence.

Even after they are "trained," young children will crave a lot of assistance with toileting. And being trained doesn't hateful that a child never experiences set-backs or accidents. It is not unusual for children to feel occasional accidents into the school years (Kessel et al 2017; Wu 2013).

For more information virtually toileting, check out these Parenting Science manufactures:

• opens in a new windowThe scientific discipline of toilet training: What enquiry tells the states nearly the timing
• Potty grooming techniques: An evidence-based guide to toilet training methods and their success rates
• Potty grooming problems and solutions: An show-based guide

And are yous curious about dark dryness? See my commodity about opens in a new windowwetting the bed.

---

References: Choosing the right potty training age

American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999. opens in a new windowToilet Training Guidelines: Parents−−The Role of the Parents in Toilet Grooming. Pediatrics 103;1362

Axelrod MI, Larsen RJ, Jorgensen M, Stratman B. 2020. Psychological differences betwixt toilet trained and non-toilet trained 4-year-old children. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. e12319.

Bakker E; Wyndaele JJ. 2000. Changes in the toilet training of children during the last 60 years: the cause of an increase in lower urinary tract dysfunction? British journal of Urology, 86(three):248-52.

Bakker Westward. 2002. Inquiry into the influence of potty training on lower urinary tract dysfunction. Unpublished MD dissertation, Section of urology, University of Antwerp, Belgium.

Bakker Eastward, van Gool JD, van Sprundel K, van der Auwera JC, and Wyndaele JJ. 2002. Results of a questionaire evaluating the furnishings of unlike methods of toilet preparation on achieving bladder control. British Periodical of Urology, ninety: 456-461.

Barone JG, Jasutkar N, Schneider D. 2009. Later toilet grooming is associated with urge incontinence in children. J Pediatr Urol. v(six):458-61.

Blum NJ, Taubman B, and Nemeth North. 2003. Relationship betwixt historic period at initiation of toilet preparation and duration of training: A prospective study. Pediatrics, 111: 810-814.

Blum NJ,Taubman B,Nemeth N. 2004. Why is toilet training occurring at older ages? A study of factors associated with after training.JPediatr. 145:107-11.

Boucke 50. 2003. Baby Potty Nuts. Lafayette, CO: White-Boucke Publishing.

Brazelton TB and Sparrow JD. 2004. Toilet preparation the Brazelton way. Cambridge, MA: deCapo Press.

Canadian Pediatric Society. 2000. Toilet learning: Anticipatory guidances with a kid-oriented approach. Paediatrics and Child Heath, five: 333-five.

deVries MW and deVries MR. 1977. Cultural relativity of toilet training readiness: A perspective from E Africa. Pediatrics, 60: 170-177.

Duong TH, Jansson UB, Holmdahl Yard, Sillén U, Hellström AL. 2013. Urinary bladder control during the first 3 years of life in healthy children in Vietnam–a comparison written report with Swedish children. J Pediatr Urol. 9(6 Pt A):700-vi.

Gesell A and Ilg FL. 1943. Infant and child in the culture of today: The guidance of evolution in dwelling house and nursery schoolhouse. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Gladh K, Persson D Mattsson Southward and Lindstrom S. 2000. Voiding blueprint in salubrious newborns. Neurourology and urodynamics, 19: 177-184.

Hellström AL and Sillén U. 2001. Early potty training advantageous in bladder dysfunction. Decreases the risk of urinary infection. Lakartidningen. 98(28-29):3216-9.

Horn IB, Brenner R, Rao M, and Cheng TL. 2006. Behavior about the advisable historic period for initiating toilet training: Are their racial and socioeconomic differences? Journal of Pediatrics, 149: 165-168.

Horstmanshoff Exist, Regterschot GJ, Nieuwenhuis EE, Benninga MA, Verwijs W, and Waelkens JJ. 2003.[Float control in i-4 year erstwhile children in the the Eindhoven and Kempen region (Kingdom of the netherlands) in 1996 and 1966]

Joinson C, Heron J, Von Gontard A, Butler U, Emond A, Golding J. 2009. A prospective study of age at initiation of toilet grooming and subsequent daytime bladder control in school-age children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 30(5):385-93.

Karkashadze Chiliad,  Baranova 50, Maslova O, Klochkova U, Zorkin Due south, and Komarova East. 2012. Formation of  toilet skills of children in Russia. Problem analysis. Pediatric pharmacology. 9. 99. 10.15690/pf.v9i2.256.

Kessel EM, Allmann AE, Goldstein BL, Finsaas K, Dougherty LR, Bufferd SJ, Carlson GA, Klein DN. 2017. Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 56(iii):250-257.

Largo RH, Molinari L, von Siebenthal Yard, and Wolfensberger U. 1996. Does a profound change in toilet-training affect evolution of bowel and bladder control? Dev Med Kid Neurol. 38: 1106-sixteen.

Largo RH and Stutzle W. 1977. Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the commencement six years of life. I: Epidemiology and interrelations betwixt bowel and bladder control. Dev Med Child Neurol. 19(5):598-606.

Li Ten, Wen JG, Shen T, Yang XQ, Peng SX, Wang XZ, Xie H, Wu XD, Du YK. 2020. Dispensable diaper overuse is associated with primary enuresis in children. Sci Rep. ten(1):14407.

Li X, Wen JG, Xie H, Wu XD, Shen T, Yang XQ, Wang XZ, Chen GX, Yang MF, Du YK  2020. Delayed in toilet training association with pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol. 16(3):352.e1-352.e8.

Martin JA, Male monarch DR, Maccoby EE, and Jaklin CN. 1984. Secular trends and individual differences in toilet-training progress. Periodical of Pediatric Psychology 9: 457-468.

McKeith R. 1973. How children become dry. Child Dev Med., 48/49: iii-32.

Mota DM, Barros AJ. 2008. Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions. J Pediatr (Rio J).;84(1):9-17.

Schum TR, Kolb TM, McAuliffe TL, Simms, Md, Underhill, RL and Lewis M. 2002. Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: A descriptive report of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics 109: 48-54.

Schmidt BA. 2004. Toilet grooming: Getting it right the beginning time. Contemporary Pediatrics, 21: 105-119.

Sears RR, Maccoby EE, and Levin H. 1957. Patterns of childrearing. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson and Company.

Sears W, Sears One thousand and Watts Kelly C. 2002. You tin can go to the potty. Boston, MA Fiddling, Brown and Company.

Seim HC. 1989. Toilet preparation in offset children. Journal of Family Practice, 29(6): 633.

Sejkora EKD, Igler EC, and Davies WH. 2020. Parent-reported toilet training practices and the role of pediatric primary care providers. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2022 Jun 23. doi: 10.1097/JXX.0000000000000410. Online ahead of impress.

Lord's day Chiliad and Rugolotto S. 2004. Assisted babe toilet training in a western family setting. Dev Beh Ped 25:99 – 101

Taubman B. 1997. Toilet training and toileting refusal for stool merely: A prospective report. Pediatrics, 99: 54-58.

van Nunen Chiliad, Kaerts North, Wyndaele JJ, Vermandel A, Hal GV. 2015. Parents' views on toilet training (TT): A quantitative study to place the beliefs and attitudes of parents concerning TT. J Child Health Care. 19(2):265-74.

Vermandel A, Van Hall G, Van der Cruyssen K, Van Aggelpoel T, Neels H, De Win Yard, De Wachter S.J.  2020. 'Elimination signals' in healthy, NON toilet trained children aged 0-4 years: A systematic review. Pediatr Urol. 16(3):342-349.

Vermandel A, Van Kampen 1000, Van Gorp C, Wyndaele JJ. 2008. How to toilet train healthy children? A review of the literature. Neurourol Urodyn. 27(3):162-vi

Wyndaele JJ, Kaerts Due north, Wyndaele M, Vermandel A. 2020. Development Signs in Healthy Toddlers in Dissimilar Stages of Toilet Grooming: Tin They Help Define Readiness and Probability of Success? Glob Pediatr Health. Published online ahead of print. Jan. 2020, doi:ten.1177/2333794X20951086.

Wang XZ, Wen YB, Shang XP, Wang YH, Li YW, Li TF, Li SL, Yang J, Liu YJ, Lou XP, Zhou W, Li 10, Zhang JJ, Song CP, Jorgensen CS, Rittig Due south, Bauer S, Mosiello Thousand, Wang QW, Wen JG. 2019. The influence of filibuster elimination communication on the prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis-a survey from Mainland China. Neurourol Urodyn. 38(5):1423-1429.

Wu HY. 2013. Tin can evidence-based medicine change toilet-training practice? Arab J Urol. eleven(1):13-viii

Yeung, CK, Godley ML, Ho, CK, Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Chen CN, Li AK. 1995. Some new insights into bladder function in infancy. British Journal of Urology, 76:235-40.

Content of " The timing of toilet training: What'south the correct potty training age?"  last modified 2/2021

Portions of this text appeared in an  earlier version of this article, written by the same author and posted on the aforementioned URL.

Title image of infant property toilet lid by AlohaHawaii / shutterstock

Image of Hmong mother with babe in sling, Vietnam, past EoNaYa / istock

Epitome of babe girl running in living room with dad by monkeybusinessimages / istock

epitome of boy reading on potty by yaoinlove / istock

image of kid on potty (no head) by Saklakova / istock

allenwitions.blogspot.com

Source: https://parentingscience.com/potty-training-age/

Share this post